Salient Features

• Suitable for more advanced work
• Heavy cast aluminium alloy structure
• Independent telescope and table movement
• Double ended verniers reading to 30 seconds of arc
• CNC turned spindle set and other components

Specifications

Scale : The 177mm diameter circle is fixed and both the telescope and table are fitted with independent double-ended verniers reading to 30 seconds of arc and have independent fine and coarse movements. While coarse adjustment is done by releasing the clamping screw and moving by hand, fine adjustment is made by engaging the clamping screw and moving the tangent screw.

Collimator : Mounted on a fixed pillar. At one end is fitted 32mm dia clear aperture, 175mm focus achromatic objective, and at the other end a 6mm long unilaterally adjustable slit.

Telescope : Mounted on a movable pillar. At one end is fitted 32mm dia clear aperture 175mm focus achromatic objective, and at the other end a 15X Ramsden eyepiece and a glass crossline graticule.

Both telescope and collimator have rack and pinion systems for focusing the objectives and means for levelling their optical axes and squaring them to the axis of rotation.

Prism Table : The 85mm diameter table is marked with lines to assist positioning of the prism with respect to levelling screws, and has interchangeable clamping units for the prism and diffraction grating.

Standard Accessories Supplied : 1 Prism Table, 1 Prism Clamp, 1 Diffraction Grating Holder.

Optional Accessories : Dense flint glass prism, Magnifier glass, Tommy bar for adjustment of optical axes.

The Brewster’s Angle Apparatus is designed to study the Brewster’s angle phenomenon and the polarization of reflected light. When light encounters a boundary between two media with different refractive indices, some of it is reflected and other part is transmitted. The fraction that is reflected is described by the Fresnel equations, and is dependent upon the incoming light’s polarization and angle of incidence.

When a light beam incident on a transparent material can be resolved into two light components i.e. parallel (P) and orthogonal (S) components. These components have different reflection coefficients and Brewster found that at a particular angle of incidence β (called Brewster angle), reflection co-efficient of parallel component goes zero. At this angle, direction of reflected and transmitted beam is orthogonal to each other.

Experiment Performed

• To measure and plot the graph-reflectivity versus angle of incidence.
• To find the Brewster’s angle (also known as the polarization angle) of glass plate and determination of refractive index.

Feature

• Compact and integrated design
• Good Quality polarizer
• Sensitive photo detector
• Precise measurement of rotation

This set up is used for studying diffraction when laser light passes through a diffracting element. The device consists of diode laser and diffracting element that can be conveniently fixed on post, which are mounted on the optical rail. One post holds laser head and the other post holds a diffracting element like single slit, double slit, etc. which can be replaced as per requirement.

The laser mount have two dimensional positioning freedoms. This can be used for direct the laser beam to the required point on the diffracting element. The diffraction pattern is projected on to a screen or wall for performing experiments. This elementary apparatus is simple, economical and is well suited for Physics courses.

Experiment Performed

• Diffraction of light by single slit
• Diffraction of light by double slit
• Diffraction of light by single wire
• Diffraction of light by cross wire
• Diffraction of light by wire mesh
• Diffraction of light by transmission grating
• Diffraction of light by circular aperture (Pinhole)

Feature

• High measurement accuracy
• Clear and sharp diffraction patterns
• Assembly of setup is very easy
• Diffraction elements are fixed to metallic casing for ease of mounting

• Useful for classroom demonstration and laboratory observations.
• Instrument provides a wide spectrum of any visible light source.
• Both emission and absorption spectra can be viewed.
• Features a 10 x 10mm Amici type 3-element prism train, telescopic focusing housed in brass body and variable optical slit adjustable by knurled head rotating ring.
• Wooden storage case included.

• Portable and precise, the instrument provides direct wavelength readings of visible spectrum from 400nm to 750nm with each scale division representing 5nm.
• The spectrum is viewed in the plane of scale and for error free readings, D-line on scale can be adjusted.
• Incorporates a 10 x 10mm Amici type 3-element prism train, telescopic focusing housed in brass body and variable optical slit adjustable by knurled head rotating ring.
• Wooden storage case included.

Etalon is design by transparent plate with two parallel highly reflecting mirrors. An etalon is an optical interferometer in which a beam of light undergoes multiple reflections between two reflecting surfaces and its resulting optical transmission (or reflection) is periodic in wavelength. Etalons transmit light as a series of periodic frequencies and their narrow bandwidth makes them well-suited for wavelength selection, measurement and line-narrowing. In other words, an etalon is a narrow band wavelength filter.

Experiment Performed

• To find the Spacing of the Etalon
• To find the Finesse and Free Spectral Range of the Etalon

Feature

• Precision design of optical components
• Highly polished etalon
• Easy to operate
• Extended durability

A Fabry Perot Interferometer is an optical interferometer in which a beam of light undergoes multiple reflections between two reflecting surfaces and its resulting optical transmission (or reflection) is periodic in wavelength. The Fabry – Perot design contains plane surfaces that are partially reflecting so that multiple rays of light are responsible for the creation of the observed interference patterns. For high resolution spectroscopy, where a resolution in the range of MHz to GHz is required, a Fabry – Perot interferometer (FP) is used.

In Fabry – Perot interferometer, the distance between the partially reflecting mirrors are varied by using coarse and finely adjustable translation stage driven by micro-meters. One mirror is fixed and the other is mounted on the translation stage through a kinematic mount. This two axis kinematic mount is used to correct the parallelism between beam splitter.

Experiment Performed

• To find wavelength of laser source.
• To find the Spacing between two mirrors by using fringes.
• To find the Finesse and Free Spectral Range of the Etalon.

Feature

• Precision design of optical components
• Well polished Mirrors
• Easy to operate
• Extended durability
• Corrosion free mechanical assembly

Fresnel’s biprism diffraction Apparatus is an instrument that demonstrates how Fresnel’s Bi prism can be used to obtain fringes due to interference and to calculate the wavelength of monochromatic light. Bi-prism produces interference pattern from a single source due to the creation of two virtual coherent sources as the light passes through the prism.

Fresnel’s biprism consist of two prisms of very small angles joined base to base. In practice, a thin glass plate is taken and one of its faces is ground and polished till a prism is formed with an obtuse angle of about 179° and two side angles of the order 30 arc minutes. If a beam of light strikes the edge of the biprism, two diverging coherent light beams are created which appear to emerge from two virtual slits and interfere on the far side of the biprism.

Experiment Performed

• To find the wavelength of the sodium light using bi-prism diffraction experiment

Feature

• Compact and integrated design
• Sodium vapor lamp as light source with light output port adjustable in length
• Precision lead screw driven slit provided with a maximum opening of 3mm
• Eyepiece with micrometer drive for achieving perfect linear motion
• Precision rotary coarse and fine adjustments with lead screw controller in biprism mount
• Achromatic lens is used for focusing image

This experiment set up is used for study of basic optics operation in lab. This can also be used for various parameter measurements like focal length and magnification of lens etc. For focal length measuring an observation screen is set parallel to optical axis so that path of a parallel light beam can be observed on screen after passing through a collecting or dispersing lens. The focal length is determined directly as distance between lens and focal point. Focal length can also be measured by using U-V method of measurement.

Experiment Performed

• To measure the focal length of convex lens, concave lens, convex mirror and concave mirror using

a)    Parallel Beam Method

b)    U –V Method

• To construct collimator
• To construct compound microscope
• To construct magnifier
• To construct telescope

Feature

• Applicable to all kinds of basic optics experiments
• Simple and convenient to set up each experiment

Mach-Zehnder interferometer is a common two beam interface optical interferometer. In a Mach-Zehnder interferometer a beam splitter is divides a coherent beam into two parts. These beams are deflected by mirrors and finally recombine by using another beam splitter. The interference patterns are formed when two beams with fixed phase relationship superimposed with each other. As beams are not reflected into each other but travel separate paths experiments with Mach-Zehnder interferometer is more effective than Michelson interferometer.

Experiment Performed

• To determine wavelength of laser light.
• To find refractive index of a transparent plate.
• To study refractive index change in air under different pressures and determination of refractive index of air.

Feature

• Precision kinematic mounts for optical components
• Optics used for design have very good surface quality
• Assembly of setup is very easy

The Malus Law helps to understand polarization properties of light. It can also be used to study the light intensity relation of polarizer-analyzer. This apparatus comprises of a diode laser (as a light source), a polarizer, an analyzer assembly and a pinhole photo detector with output measurement unit.

Malus law of polarization is verified by showing that the intensity of light passed through two polarizers depend on the square of cosine value of the angle between the two polarizer axis. Laser light is used in this experiment because it’s wavelength is almost completely extinguished by the crossed polarizers. The laser beam travelling through a polarizer is observed as a function of the orientation of the polarizer. With a second polarizer the relative orientation of the polarizers is determined. The transmitted light is measured by a photo detector and the Malus Law can be verified.

Experiment Performed

• Verification of Malus law
• To measure the light intensity of plane polarized light as a function of the analyzer position
• To study the polarization properties of light

Feature

• All components are made out of anodized aluminum and stainless steel to avoid corrosion
• Holders with adjustable height and compatible in optical rail
• Graduated circular degree scale of analyzer and polarizer from 0 to 360°
• Polarizers are good quality
• Photo detector is high sensitive

Michelson interferometer is a common two beam interface optical interferometer. The incident beam is split into two equal intensity beams by using beam splitter. One beam is moves towards Mirror M₁ and other towards M₂; after reflection from both mirrors beams superimpose at beam splitter and interference pattern can be observed on screen.

In this model of Michelson interferometer, sodium vapor lamp is used as light source. Sodium has two emission wavelengths that have extremely close values and without sensitive equipment, it cannot be distinguished. Measurement of these lines, designated as D₁ and D₂ Fraunhofer lines, the average wavelength as well as difference between the two emission lines of sodium can be determined. The purpose of this experiment is to measure the wavelength of Sodium D emission lines.

Experiment Performed

• To find out the difference in wavelength of D₁ and D₂ lines of sodium light.
• To determine wavelength of light source.
• To find refractive index of a transparent plate.
• To study refractive index change in air under different pressures and determination of refractive index of air.

Feature

• Precision kinematic mounts for optical components
• Optics used for design have very good surface quality
• Assembly of setup is very easy
• CCD/CMOS camera is used
• Computer interface

Note: – Laptop is not included in this set up.

Michelson interferometer is a common two beam interface optical interferometer. The incident beam is split into two equal intensity beams by using beam splitter. One beam is moves towards Mirror M₁ and other towards M₂; after reflection from both mirrors beams superimpose at beam splitter and interference pattern can be observed on screen.

Experiment Performed

• To determine wavelength of laser light.
• To find refractive index of a transparent plate.
• To study refractive index change in air under different pressures and determination of refractive index of air.

Feature

• Precision kinematic mounts for optical components
• Optics used for design have very good surface quality
• Assembly of setup is very easy

The equipment has predefined position of components and so designed as to conduct the experiments rapidly and with ease. With standard equipment and some additional accessories, the following experiments can be performed:

• Determination of wavelength of laser light
• Determination of the refractive index of glass
• Determination of the refractive index of air

The standard equipment includes:

• Heavy Stable Base
• Mounted Beam Splitter
• Mounted Compensator
• Mounted Moveable Mirror
• Three- point Adjustable Mirror
• Beam Expander Lens
• Viewing Screen
• Diffuser Plate

Additional equipment required

• Laser
• Sodium Vapour Lamp

Component Specifications

Adjustable Mirror: 3 cm in diameter; 0.6 cm thick; flat to ¼ wavelength on both sides; coated on one side for 80% reflectance and 20% transmission. It is mounted on a Kinematic Mount for adjustment in X-Y axis.

Movable Mirror: 3 cm in diameter; 0.6 cm thick; flat to 1/4 wavelength on both sides; coated on one side for 80% reflectance and 20% transmission. The mirror travel is controlled by a micrometer having precise measurement and virtually no back lash.

Beam-Splitter: 3 cm in diameter; 0.6 cm thick, flat to 1/4 wavelength on both sides; coated on one side for 50% reflectance and 50% transmission.

Compensator: Identical to the beam-splitter, but uncoated.

Micrometer: The micrometer uses a 1:20 reduction lever such that one division on the micrometer corresponds to 0.5 μm travel of mirror. The full travel of the mirror is 1.25mm. The reading through full distance of travel is linear to within 1.5%.

Newton Rings are produced using an arrangement in which a plano convex lens with an extremely slight curvature is touching a glass plate, so that an air wedge with spherical curved boundary surface is formed. When this configuration is illuminated with a vertically incident, parallel light beam, concentric interference rings (Newton’s Rings) are formed around the point of contact between two glasses surface both in reflection and in transmitted light. These Newton’s rings are used for measuring wavelength of monochromatic light source. This system also works with white light source like mercury lamp.

Experiment Performed

• To determine the wavelength of monochromatic light source ( Red, Blue, Green, Yellow )

Feature

• All components are made out of anodized aluminum and stainless steel to avoid corrosion
• Holders with adjustable height and compatible in optical rail
• Optics used for design have very good surface quality
• Newton Plate have large radius of curvature

The characterization of single mode and multi mode fiber can be performed by this experiment setup. The set up contains optical rail & carriers system for mounting & adjusting optical components required for experiments. Laser diode used as a source of light & light coupled to fiber by using objective lens on fiber coupled setup. The coupling efficiency monitor with photo detector detecting the light coming out from end of fiber.  The output ends is hold by mount and detector hold on translation stage.

This setup helps to understand concept of numerical aperture, coupling of light and bending loss etc. Numerical aperture can be calculated by output light of optical fiber using photo detector or white screen mounted on translation stage. All components of setup constructed by corrosion resistant materials like stainless steel and aluminum alloy.

Experiment Performed

• Numerical aperture measurement of multi-mode fiber.
• Measurement of bending loss in multi-mode fiber.
• Numerical aperture measurement of single mode fiber.
• Calculation of normalized frequency or V-number of single mode fiber.
• Calculation of mode field diameter of single mode fiber.

Feature

• Precision kinematic mounts for optical components
• High precision laser coupler to fiber
• Assembly of setup is very easy

This demonstration ray optics system uses a Laser Ray Box which has bright, well-defined rays because it uses lasers rather than an incandescent light source. The Laser Ray Box projects 5 parallel laser beams onto any flat surface. It contains five 1 mW diode lasers (wavelength 635 nm). The laser beams are spread out into clearly visible lines by cylindrical lens inside the box. The beam paths can be observed from a relatively long way in a dark room.

White acrylic board with linear and circular scale is provided for display of lines of light and measurement of geometric components like focal length of lenses etc. All optical components are made of transparent acrylic material with one side grounded.

Experiment Performed

• Law of refraction
• Law of reflection
• Total reflection
• Determining the focal length of curved mirrors and lenses
• Lens laws
• Beam paths in cameras, microscopes and telescopes

Features

• All optical components are made of transparent acrylic with one side grounded
• Laser ray box has good line of vision with less power
• Board contain both linear and circular scale

High Performance Instrument that allows students to perform various spectrometry experiments such as:

• Determining resolving power of the prism
• Determining dispersion power of the prism
• Determining the refractive index of the material of prism
• Determining resolving power of a plane diffraction grating
• Determining wavelength of sodium light using a plane diffraction grating.

Salient Features

• Heavy cast aluminium alloy structure
• CNC turned spindle set and other components

Specifications

Scale : 125mm dia. divided 0 to 360° x 0.5 degree readable with vernier to 1 minute of arc.

Collimator : Achromatic objective lens 175mm FL, clear aperture of 32mm. Rack and pinion

focusing mechanism. Adjustable slit 6mm long. Mounted on a fixed pillar.

Telescope : Achromatic objective lens 175mm FL, clear aperture of 32mm. Rack and pinion

focusing mechanism. Mounted on a movable arm with slow and fine motion.

Ramsden Eyepiece : 15X magnification with cross line glass graticule and in and out focus

adjustment.

Prism Table : 85mm diameter table is provided with three leveling screws and is marked with lines to assist placement of prism.

Standard Accessories Supplied : 1 Prism Table, 1 Prism Clamp, 1 Diffraction Grating Holder.

Optional Accessories : Dense flint glass prism, Magnifier glass, Tommy bar for adjustment of optical axes.

This is a compact, light weight and economically priced model capable of performing following spectra and optical experiments:

• Determining resolving power of the prism.
• Determining dispersion power of the prism.
• Determining the refractive index of the material of prism.
• Determining resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.
• Determining wavelength of sodium light using a plane diffraction grating.

Specification:

Base:  Heavy aluminium cast base with an integral fixed pillar for the collimator support and a swinging telescopic arm. Both the collimator and the telescope are provided with an axis adjustment system.

Scale: The scale of diameter 170mm is machined engraved and graduated 0-360° x 1º. A vernier is provided that reads to 0.1º or 6 seconds and permits estimation to 0.05°. Fine adjustment is provided.

Collimator: The collimator tube fitted with achromatic objective lens with clear aperture of 22mm and focal length 175mm. It has spiral focusing system.  It contains an adjustable slit of 6mm long. Collimator tube mounted on fixed pillar.

Telescope: The Telescope tube fitted with achromatic objective lens with clear aperture of 22mm and focal length 175mm. It has spiral focusing system. It is mounted on a movable arm with slow and fine motion.

Ramsden Eyepiece: It has an 8x Ramsden eyepiece with cross line glass graticule and In and Out focus adjustment.

Prism Table: The prism table is provided with three levelling screws and is marked with lines to assist placement of prism.

Standard Accessories supplied: It contains 1 prism clamp for prisms of 38mm height, 1 diffraction grating holder and 1 tommy bar for axis adjustment.